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<title>Incremental encoding</title>
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Incremental encoding</span></span>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Incremental encoding</b>, also known as <b>front compression</b>, <b>back compression</b>, or <b>front coding</b>, is a type of <a href="Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">delta encoding</a> <a href="Compression_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression algorithm">compression algorithm</a> whereby common <a href="Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefixes</a> or <a href="Affix" title="Affix">suffixes</a> and their lengths are recorded so that they need not be duplicated. This algorithm is particularly well-suited for compressing <a href="Sorting" title="Sorting">sorted</a> <a href="Data#Uses_of_data_in_computing" title="Data">data</a>, e.g., a list of <a href="Word" title="Word">words</a> from a <a href="Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a>.
</p><p>For example:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Input
</th>
<th>Common prefix
</th>
<th>Compressed output
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre>myxa
myxophyta
myxopod
nab
nabbed
nabbing
nabit
nabk
nabob
nacarat
nacelle
</pre>
</td>
<td>
<pre>no preceding word
'myx'
'myxop'
no common prefix
'nab'
'nabb'
'nab'
'nab'
'nab'
'na'
'nac'
</pre>
</td>
<td>
<pre>0 myxa
3 ophyta
5 od
0 nab
3 bed
4 ing
3 it
3 k
3 ob
2 carat
3 elle
</pre>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">64 bytes
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td align="left">46 bytes
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>The encoding used to store the common prefix length itself varies from application to application. Typical techniques are storing the value as a single byte; <a href="Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">delta encoding</a>, which stores only the change in the common prefix length; and various <a href="Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">universal codes</a>. It may be combined with other general <a href="Lossless_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless data compression">lossless data compression</a> techniques such as <a href="Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">entropy encoding</a> and <a href="Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">dictionary coders</a> to compress the remaining suffixes.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>
<p>Incremental encoding is widely used in information retrieval to compress the lexicons used in <a href="Index_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (search engine)">search indexes</a>; these list all the words found in all the documents and a pointer for each one to a list of locations. Typically, it compresses these indexes by about 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>As one example, incremental encoding is used as a starting point by the <a href="GNU_locate" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU locate">GNU locate</a> utility, in an index of filenames and directories. The <a href="GNU_locate" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU locate">GNU locate</a> utility further uses <a href="Bigram" title="Bigram">bigram</a> encoding to further shorten popular filepath prefixes.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian H. Witten, Alistair Moffat, Timothy C. Bell. Managing Gigabytes. Second edition. Academic Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55860-570-3</bdi>. Section 4.1: Accessing the lexicon, subsection Front coding, pp.159–161.</span>
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</style><div id="Data_compression_methods241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a><br>type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">Entropy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_coding" title="Adaptive coding">Adaptive coding</a></li>
<li><a href="Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li>
<li><a href="Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric numeral systems</a></li>
<li><a href="Golomb_coding" title="Golomb coding">Golomb</a></li>
<li><a href="Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a>
<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_Huffman_coding" title="Adaptive Huffman coding">Adaptive</a></li>
<li><a href="Canonical_Huffman_code" title="Canonical Huffman code">Canonical</a></li>
<li><a href="Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range</a></li>
<li><a href="Shannon_coding" title="Shannon coding">Shannon</a></li>
<li><a href="Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano</a></li>
<li><a href="Shannon%E2%80%93Fano%E2%80%93Elias_coding" title="Shannon–Fano–Elias coding">Shannon–Fano–Elias</a></li>
<li><a href="Tunstall_coding" title="Tunstall coding">Tunstall</a></li>
<li><a href="Unary_coding" title="Unary coding">Unary</a></li>
<li><a href="Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal</a>
<ul><li><a href="Exponential-Golomb_coding" title="Exponential-Golomb coding">Exp-Golomb</a></li>
<li><a href="Fibonacci_coding" title="Fibonacci coding">Fibonacci</a></li>
<li><a href="Elias_gamma_coding" title="Elias gamma coding">Gamma</a></li>
<li><a href="Levenshtein_coding" title="Levenshtein coding">Levenshtein</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">Dictionary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Byte-pair_encoding" title="Byte-pair encoding">Byte-pair encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">Lempel–Ziv</a>
<ul><li><a href="842_(compression_algorithm)" title="842 (compression algorithm)">842</a></li>
<li><a href="LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a></li>
<li><a href="LZJB" class="mw-redirect" title="LZJB">LZJB</a></li>
<li><a href="Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a></li>
<li><a href="LZRW" title="LZRW">LZRW</a></li>
<li><a href="Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Storer%E2%80%93Szymanski" title="Lempel–Ziv–Storer–Szymanski">LZSS</a></li>
<li><a href="Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li>
<li><a href="LZWL" title="LZWL">LZWL</a></li>
<li><a href="Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Burrows%E2%80%93Wheeler_transform" title="Burrows–Wheeler transform">BWT</a></li>
<li><a href="Context_tree_weighting" title="Context tree weighting">CTW</a></li>
<li><a href="Context_mixing" title="Context mixing">CM</a></li>
<li><a href="Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta</a>
<ul></ul></li>
<li><a href="Dynamic_Markov_compression" title="Dynamic Markov compression">DMC</a></li>
<li><a href="Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li>
<li><a href="Grammar-based_code" title="Grammar-based code">Grammar</a>
<ul><li><a href="Re-Pair" title="Re-Pair">Re-Pair</a></li>
<li><a href="Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">LDCT</a></li>
<li><a href="Move-to-front_transform" title="Move-to-front transform">MTF</a></li>
<li><a href="PAQ" title="PAQ">PAQ</a></li>
<li><a href="Prediction_by_partial_matching" title="Prediction by partial matching">PPM</a></li>
<li><a href="Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>LZ77 + Huffman
<ul><li><a href="Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li>
<li><a href="LZX" title="LZX">LZX</a></li>
<li><a href="Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Stac" title="Lempel–Ziv–Stac">LZS</a></li></ul></li>
<li>LZ77 + ANS
<ul><li><a href="LZFSE" title="LZFSE">LZFSE</a></li></ul></li>
<li>LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
<ul><li><a href="Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul></li>
<li>LZ77 + Huffman + context
<ul><li><a href="Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li></ul></li>
<li>LZSS + Huffman
<ul><li><a href="LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA/LZH</a></li></ul></li>
<li>LZ77 + Range
<ul><li><a href="LZMA" title="LZMA">LZMA</a></li>
<li>LZHAM</li></ul></li>
<li>RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
<ul><li><a href="Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a><br>type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a>
<ul><li><a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li>
<li><a href="Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Discrete_sine_transform" title="Discrete sine transform">DST</a></li>
<li><a href="Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li>
<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>
<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li>
<li><a href="Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a>
<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a>
<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>
<li><a href="Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li>
<li><a href="Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li>
<li><a href="Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li>
<li><a href="Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Motion
<ul><li><a href="Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li>
<li><a href="Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li>
<li><a href="Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_compression#Audio" title="Data compression">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a>
<ul><li><a href="Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li>
<li><a href="Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li>
<li><a href="Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Companding" title="Companding">Companding</a></li>
<li><a href="Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></li>
<li><a href="Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency</a></li>
<li><a href="Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon theorem</a></li>
<li><a href="Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling</a></li>
<li><a href="Silence_compression" title="Silence compression">Silence compression</a></li>
<li><a href="Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">Sound quality</a></li>
<li><a href="Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></li>
<li><a href="Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codec</a><br>parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li>
<li><a href="%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">μ-law</a></li>
<li><a href="Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a>
<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li>
<li><a href="Delta_modulation" title="Delta modulation">DM</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">FT</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a>
<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>
<li><a href="Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li>
<li><a href="Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li>
<li><a href="Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li>
<li><a href="Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li>
<li><a href="Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic model</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li>
<li><a href="Coding_tree_unit" title="Coding tree unit">Coding tree unit</a></li>
<li><a href="Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li>
<li><a href="Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a></li>
<li><a href="Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></li>
<li><a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li>
<li><a href="Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Peak signal-to-noise ratio">PSNR</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a></li>
<li><a href="Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li>
<li><a href="Texture_compression" title="Texture compression">Texture compression</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Chain_code" title="Chain code">Chain code</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li>
<li><a href="Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li>
<li><a href="Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">Fractal</a></li>
<li><a href="Karhunen%E2%80%93Lo%C3%A8ve_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Karhunen–Loève theorem">KLT</a></li>
<li><a href="Pyramid_(image_processing)" title="Pyramid (image processing)">LP</a></li>
<li><a href="Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li>
<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>
<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li>
<li><a href="Embedded_zerotrees_of_wavelet_transforms" title="Embedded zerotrees of wavelet transforms">EZW</a></li>
<li><a href="Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_compression#Video" title="Data compression">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a>
<ul><li><a href="Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li>
<li><a href="Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li>
<li><a href="Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Film_frame" title="Film frame">Frame</a></li>
<li><a href="Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li>
<li><a href="Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">Frame types</a></li>
<li><a href="Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlace</a></li>
<li><a href="Video#Characteristics_of_video_streams" title="Video">Video characteristics</a></li>
<li><a href="Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a><br>parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li>
<li><a href="Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li>
<li><a href="Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking filter</a></li>
<li><a href="Lapped_transform" title="Lapped transform">Lapped transform</a></li>
<li>Motion
<ul><li><a href="Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li>
<li><a href="Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li>
<li><a href="Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>
<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>
<li><a href="Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Compressed_data_structure" title="Compressed data structure">Compressed data structures</a>
<ul><li><a href="Compressed_suffix_array" title="Compressed suffix array">Compressed suffix array</a></li>
<li><a href="FM-index" title="FM-index">FM-index</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">Entropy</a></li>
<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a>
<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li>
<li><a href="Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix code</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization</a></li>
<li><a href="Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">Rate–distortion</a></li>
<li><a href="Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">Redundancy</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_compression_symmetry" title="Data compression symmetry">Symmetry</a></li>
<li><a href="Smallest_grammar_problem" title="Smallest grammar problem">Smallest grammar problem</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a></li>
<li><a href="Phil_Katz" title="Phil Katz">Phil Katz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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